Friday, October 31, 2003

"Ratzingerite"? 
Posted by Christopher at 8:49 PM

Andrew Sullivan accuses Mark Shea and Amy Welborn of being "Ratzingerites."

Mr. Sullivan neglected to define what exactly constitutes a "Ratzingerite." However, for the record: neither Mr. Shea nor Mrs. Welborn are registered members of the RFC's mailing list, although I would assume they have some admiration for the good Cardinal. Both are wonderful Catholic bloggers who I hold in high esteem.

Mrs. Welborn and Mr. Shea have responded to the charges, and a reader posts the following definition, which more than suffices:

Ratzingerite = Someone who follows Cardinal Ratzinger.
Cardinal Ratzinger = Someone who follows John Paul II and the teaching of the Church.
JPII and the Magisterium = follows the Holy Spirit, God.
Therefore, a Ratzingerite is just any faithful Catholic, no?

Thursday, October 30, 2003

Responding to Larry King's Love-Fest. 
Posted by Christopher at 12:22 PM

Fr. Rob Johansen gave Bob & Mary Schindler the opportunity to respond point-by-point to Michael's allegations -- about her settlement, the rehabilitation (or lack thereof), Terri's medical condition prior to and after the "accident", and the manner in which she suffered her collapse, -- in a comparatively substantial interview with them on his blog.

As has been mentioned by a number of bloggers, a troubling aspect of this whole affair has been the notable absence of involvement by the Catholic Diocese of St. Petersberg and Bishop Lynch. (Domenico Bettinelli asks, for instance, "why did a priest have to fly from Kalamazoo, Michigan, to provide spiritual care for Terri's family and supporters?"). This disturbing lack of concern was apparently present among some pro-life organizations as well, a fact made clear by Fr. Bob in his interview:

As to the contention that the Schindlers are being put up to their defense of Terri's life by "right-wing" pro-life groups, Bob & Mary Schindler dismiss it as ridiculous. "The first offers of assistance we got from national pro-life or conservative groups was about two weeks ago", Bob said. Furthermore, the assistance offered was in terms of organization and mobilizing grass-roots support, not financial support. "We actually approached a couple of organizations back in 2000 after the first trial", Bob added, "but they weren't interested in getting involved at that time."

Indeed, the Schindlers have fought for more than a decade with little more than their own resources and some local help . . . . The Schindlers started the Terri Schindler Schiavo Foundation to get the word out about Terri's plight and to raise money to help defray the considerable expenses they have incurred in their efforts to save her.

The Interview That Wasn't. 
Posted by Christopher at 11:59 AM

I thought that the Larry King exclusive interview with Michael Schiavo on Oct. 27, 2003 was a travesty, best described by Fr. Johansen as a "love-fest" of sympathetic sound-bytes (suitable for airing the morning after) and an endless stream of accusations. All in all it was a successfully-executed publicity stunt portraying a righteous husband mercifully seeking the death of his wife against heartless and inconsiderate parents who are simply "in it for the money."

"Michael Schiavo got the usual Larry King softballs," says Wesley Smith of The Weekly Standard, "Here are the questions King should have asked."

Tuesday, October 28, 2003

Persistent Posting 
Posted by Christopher at 1:36 AM

Patrick Madrid asks a pertinent question of various members of St. Blogs (those who he dubs "persistent posters", that is):

What about prayer time? What about reading? What about human interaction that takes place in real-time, face-to-face, and not via pixels over a high-speed Internet connection? What about just plain doing something, anything, other than sitting parked in front of one's computer monitor, cranking out an uninterruptible cascade of news items, real and attempted witticisms, and commentary that is sometimes useful, sometimes marginal, and sometimes pure blather?

I guess my point is this: As Catholics, we're called to be "universal" men and women; well-rounded, complete, balanced, and integrated. I must admit, especially in recognition of my own weaknesses and human frailties, that it concerns me when I see fellow Catholics who seem to have very little life outside of their weblogs. And that, whether they see it or not, is sad.

Which, I confess, is something I've often wondered myself.

The question "how much is too much" is one each of us will have to determine for ourselves. I have a pretty engrossing work schedule, and I value the time spent at home, so much of my blog-reading is done during my lunch break, or briefly after dinner -- posting reserved chiefly for the weekend (with few exceptions) when I can relax with a cup of coffee on a quiet morning or evening.

However, I've also learned to be fairly cautious of the amount of time I spend on the computer. For me, the internet can become increasingly habitual: I can "channel surf" the web just as easily as I can by remote control, and both contribute towards a diminishing attention span. Getting through a book is much more of a challenge, but in my experience I've found it much more rewarding.

Thankfully, I am also blessed with loved ones who are quick to point out when I get carried away and need to devote my attention to the more important things in life.

Good post Patrick -- and a question worth asking.

Sunday, October 26, 2003

Two films & differences of opinion 
Posted by Christopher at 8:10 AM

CruxNews.com publishes Fr. Bryce Sibley's review of Quentin Tarantino's new (and gratuitiously violent) samurai film "Kill Bill, Volume I" concluding:

Some complain that the dialogue is lacking and there is no plot. Well, that is true of most films in the kung fu and samurai genre. I thought it was a well directed and edited film with a lot of stylish action and gory but cartoon-like violence. Like most things Tarantino does –- it is just really "cool," harsh but cool. What’s the message of the film? Not sure. I think I might have to wait until the second volume to answer that one.

David DiCerto reviewed the film as well for the Catholic News Service. Like Fr. Sibley, he acknowledges the film's technical aspects, but concludes:

Unfortunately, while meticulous planning was put into the choreography of the action sequences, little consideration was given to the moral dimensions of the balletic butchery -- which includes assorted blood-squirting limbs and decapitations and a graphically violent animated sequence. The pervasive ugliness of the tedious mayhem cannot be masked by the visual finesse with which it is filmed.

DiCerto and the USCCB object to the film's "sadistic killing-is-cool mentality that packages gratuitous gore as entertainment"; Fr. Sibley, writing for CruxNews.com, gives it "4 out of 5 stars."

The juxtaposition of the two reviews was interesting -- it was not the reaction I was expecting from CruxNews.com, a website affiliated with The New Oxford Review and as such, certainly not averse to moral criticism. (Perhaps they took the capacity for moral discernment for granted on the part of their readers)?

As far as movies go, I personally enjoyed -- and wouldn't hesitate to recommend -- Sofia Coppola's Lost in Translation, starring Bill Murray & Scarlett Johansson

Saturday, October 25, 2003

Around St. Blog's . . .  
Posted by Christopher at 11:00 PM

• Fr. Rob Johansen reports from St. Petersberg, Florida, on his meeting with Msgr. Malanowski and Terri's parents and offers some reflections on the Church's understanding of personhood in contrast to the utilitarian "quality of life" assessment of Terri's husband, his attorney and the ACLU. (Worth reading in full).

• The first part of Envoy magazine's critique of The DaVinci Code (by Carl E. Olson & Sandra Miesel) is online. Especially helpful is a list of recommended links at the end of the review.

• On October 8, Cardinal Ratzinger sent a letter of support to a conference of conservative Episcopalians meeting in Dallas to protest the planned consecration of bishop-elect Gene Robinson. Apparently some enthusiastic Anglicans interpreted the Cardinal's letter with unwarranted optimism as a significant step in ecumenical relations. Writing from the blog of the ecumenical journal Touchstone, David Mills clarifies what Ratzinger said.

• Amy Welborn blegs for reader recommendations of a good history of Vatican II. I recall making the same request earlier this summer, and getting roughly the same response. Apparently as one reader suggested one's options are: "Vatican Council II, by Xavier Rynne. (gossipy, progressivish); The Rhine flows into the Tiber, by Ralph M. Wiltgen. (gossipy, conservativish) . . . [or] Fr. Joseph Komonchak's five-volume History of Vatican II."

  I made it through nearly half of Xavier Rynne, but he writes with an agenda and the persistent characterization of everybody as either progressives (good guys) or conservatives (bad guys) grew quite tedious after a while. Perhaps I might tackle Wiltgen next, although I expect a similar depiction of events from the other side of the spectrum.

Tuesday, October 21, 2003

Terri Schiavo saved! 
Posted by Christopher at 9:42 PM

• Monday 11:01PM - Life Matters reports that:

  The Florida House voted late Monday to give Gov. Jeb Bush the power to intervene in [the case of Terri Schiavo].

  The House voted 68-23 in favor of the bill. . . . The bill would give the state's governor 15 days to order a feeding tube to be reinserted in cases like Terri Schiavo's. The governor's power would be limited to cases where a person has left no living will, is in a persistent vegetative state, has had nutrition and hydration tubes removed and where a family member has challenged the removal.

  Schiavo, 39, meets all the bill's requirements.

  Bush said in a statement earlier Monday that lawmakers understand the "unique and tragic circumstances of Ms. Schiavo's case, and I am hopeful the Legislature will pass a bill immediately."

• Update Tuesday 4:27pm From Times Against Humanity:

  Your efforts, calls, e-mails, and faxes have made a difference! . . . the Florida State Senate has just passed the Terri Bill, which now goes to Gov. Jeb Bush for his signature. According to the Associated Press, "the House approved the [Senate] bill 73-24 after the Senate passed it 23-15."

• Update - Tuesday Evening - Fox News' Hannity & Combes are covering the case. Gov. Bush signed the executive order for the reinsertion of the feeding tube. Terri is currently being re-hydrated (the first step of the process). According to Fox News:

  After the Senate's vote, a cheer went up among about 80 protesters outside Schiavo's hospice in Pinellas Park.

  "We are just ecstatic," Bob Schindler said after Bush told him he would issue the order. "It's restored my belief in God."

  Suzanne Carr, Terri Schiavo's sister, called the development "a miracle, an absolute miracle." Terri's mother broke down crying when she heard the news.

• To Gov. Bush and Florida Lawmakers, to those who spread the word by phones and over the web, to those who were present at the vigil -- thanks to you, Terri is alive today.

Silence from the Left . . .  
Posted by Christopher at 7:59 AM

It is unfortunately noted that the case of Terri Schiavo has been by and large a topic of internet conversation among Catholic and religious bloggers. Raving Atheist can be credited for bringing this matter to the attention of his readers. From the comments box, a possible and jarring explanation for the silence of so many:

"I think (and hope) that most atheists, like most anybody, would oppose Terri Schiavo's death by starvation for a simple, non-theological reason: it's murder. More importantly, as RA notes, why does the interest in this stem largely from religious and conservative blogs/websites? Where is the liberal outrage over this? Is RA right that the left's support of abortion and reflexive opposition to most positions of the Catholic Church puts them in an untenable position regarding a case like Terri Schiavo's? As a liberal, I find that horrifying..."

Saturday, October 18, 2003

Catholic Bloggers on Terry Schiavo . . .  
Posted by Christopher at 6:21 PM

• Fellow Catholic bloggers (Life Matters; Times Against Humanity; Thrown Back, among others) relay the news that a number of legal specialists are insisting that Gov. Bush does in fact posses the legal authority (and obligation) to intervene on behalf of Terry Schiavo, despite his claims to the contrary. Unfortunately, Gov. Bush appears to be lacking the political motivation to do so, prompting many to query along with Newsmax.com: "Has Gov. Bush wimped out?".

  Those wishing to ask Gov. Bush about his reluctance to assist can e-mail him at jeb.bush@myflorida.com or phone him at 850-488-7146 (comments line) and 850-488-4441. I confess to being skeptical when it comes to politicans taking action on behalf of moral causes -- short of a miracle, I think that only an overwhelming outcry among resident voters in Florida will prompt him to further action. (Of course, I hope he'll prove me wrong and said as much in my letter).

  [UPDATE: As reported by Mark Shea, Jeb Bush has called a special session of the Fla. legislature for Monday, and a state legislator will introduce "Terri's Bill," a bill to put a temporary moratorium on all dehydration and starvation deaths underway in Florida].

• Peter Vere from Catholic Light wonders (justifiably so, I think) if there is something more than money motivating Mr. Schiavo's desire to end the life of his wife. He also requests prayers for Christopher Ferrara, who is providing legal assistance to Schiavo's family in seeking an intervention.
• Providing a different stance on the issue, Mark from Minute Particulars blogs on one what he believes is a neglected element of this debate, namely, the "right of a husband or wife to determine what is best for his or her incapacitated spouse." Peter of Sursum Corda responds, initiating an interesting exchange in the comments section with El Camino Real's Jeff Culbreath and others.
• Finally, Disturber of the Peace posts some stern criticisms pertaining to Schiavo case from one courageous Catholic bishop. Bishop Lynch of St. Petersberg, FL? -- Unfortunately, no. Rather, from Cardinal Clemens von Galen, Archbishop of Munster, Germany, 1941, who spoke out against the "mercy killings" of the Nazi euthanasia movement.

Neil Postman 1931 - 2003. 
Posted by Christopher at 1:05 PM

Neil Postman died of lung cancer on Sunday, October 5, 2003. He was a professor at New York University, specializing in the theory of communications and known for his perceptive criticisms of media and technology. I really enjoyed some of his books (readers will probably recognize Amusing Ourselves to Death, a powerful critique of the television industry).

There are some who dismiss him as a Luddite, and although he did not deny an appreciation for the historical movement he did not identify himself as one of them:

I am not at all a Luddite. I have, for example, no hostility toward new technologies and certainly no wish to destroy them, especially those technologies, like computers, that have captured the imagination of educators. Of course, I am not enthusiastic about them, either. I am indifferent to them. ¹

Rather, Neil Postman devoted his life to the practical assessment of the costs of humanity's use of technology. He was motivated by a concern for the influence of media upon the cognitive and moral development of children, and media technology's debilitating effects upon literacy, language, religion and education. Conscious of technology's "Faustian bargain", he was a skeptic who couldn't help but question those who embraced the conveniences of technology with overwhelming enthusiasm (or what he might call a rash optimism). I'm just going to cite two passages helpful in understanding his perspective. First, in regards to visual media, specifically television, he said:

I am not against visual forms of communication except when they become so dominant that they displace the function of discursive or linguistic expression. Language by its nature is slow moving and hierarchical. It lays out a path of illumination to be followed step by step. It permits reflection.

You can evaluate the meaning of a sentence and say no to it. You can't say no to a picture.

When literacy declines and people repair to television for their news and political or religious views, analytic capabilities decline, as does the capacity for sustained reflection - that is, attention span. The capacity to comprehend context and continuity diminishes.

Language is always about context. When someone says "I was quoted out of context," they mean that if you knew the circumstances and conditions in which the words were imbedded, you would arrive at the correct interpretation.

Television always decontextualizes simply by presenting pictures. Pictures can't present historical background or psychological disposition. Images are a crude epistemology, stressing simultaneity and the instant without framework.

If television were a supplement to reading, the problem would not be serious. When television replaces reading it becomes a cultural catastrophe.

Secondly, responding to an audience of computer enthusiasts, he reminded them:

The computer and its information cannot answer any of the fundamental questions we need to address to make our lives more meaningful and humane. The computer cannot provide an organizing moral framework. It cannot tell us what questions are worth asking. It cannot provide a means of understanding why we are here or why we fight each other or why decency eludes us so often, especially when we need it the most. The computer is, in a sense, a magnificent toy that distracts us from facing what we most needed to confront -- spiritual emptiness, knowledge of ourselves, usable conceptions of the past and future.²

Given Neil Postman's writings, it may seem ironic to pay tribute to him by way of a blog, much less a website. But perhaps he would approve, in that by conveying his words to a broader audience on the web it may provoke us to further reflect on our everyday use and interaction with technology.

Wednesday, October 15, 2003

The Execution of Terry Schiavo 
Posted by Christopher at 11:03 PM

The court-ordered execution of Terry Schiavo by forced starvation began at 2PM today, on the feast of her patron saint, St. Teresa d'Avila. It will take between a week to ten days for her to die.

See William Luse, Bill Cork, Fr. Rob Johansen, and Times Against Humanity -- providing regular updates and commentary noticeably absent from the mainstream media.

St. Teresa d'Avila, pray for us.

Tuesday, October 14, 2003

Conspiracy 
Posted by Christopher at 2:20 AM

I just finished watching the HBO film Conspiracy, about the Wannsee Conference, a meeting of 15 Nazi generals, SS officers and government ministers at a villa on the shore of a Berlin lake Wannsee on a cold winter's afternoon, Jan 20, 1942. Organized by Chief of Security Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann, they would politely discuss and determine over wine and dinner the "the final solution" to the "Jewish question." The meeting lasted only 90 minutes. According to the Holocaust Memorial Museium, the Wansee Conference

. . . did not mark the beginning of the "Final Solution." The mobile killing squads were already slaughtering Jews in the occupied Soviet Union. Rather, the Wannsee Conference was the place where the "final solution" was formally revealed to non-Nazi leaders who would help arrange for Jews to be transported from all over German-occupied Europe to SS-operated "extermination" camps in Poland.

The minutes of the meeting were taken by Adolf Eichmann and edited by Heydrich. It never explicitly mentions the killing of Jews, or the methods used to do so -- according to Eichmann's testimony, all 15 attendees of the meeting were quite aware of what was meant by the euphamism "evacuation", and discussed the use of gas chambers and crematoriums in the process. Of the 30 copies that were made only one remained, found by American investigators in the Reich Foreign Office in 1948 and became the "smoking gun" during the Nuremberg war crimes trials.

Conspiracy is an excellent film, with a first-rate cast and script (based on the minutes of the conference). It is very well done -- and chilling to the bone. If I ever chose to rent it again, I would most likely do so in conjunction with Spielberg's Schindler's List: the calm and collected dialogue of the conference room juxtaposed against the screams of the gas chambers and the stink of the ovens is something to think about. There are many cases of genocide in human history, but Conspiracy reinforces the dreadful uniqueness that was the Holocaust.

• Germany Marks a Dark Anniversary, Jan. 18, 2002. CBSNews.com.
• Protokoll der "Wannsee-Konferenz" vom 20. Januar 1942. The actual notes of the meeting themselves.
• House of the Wannsee Conference, now a Memorial and Educational site for the Holocaust.
• Conspiracy - HBO Movie website.

Saturday, October 11, 2003

The Catholic Luther (?) 
Posted by Christopher at 1:56 PM

The conventional [Protestant] portrayal of Luther is of a man wrestling with "the inauthenticity of all human works," driven incessantly by the question: how can I get a gracious God? -- rediscovering the Gospel of Christ and bringing about the "the sixteenth-century Protestant/Catholic schism . . . as the logical, inevitable, and necessary public outcome of his theological development." So says David Yeago, who seeks to challenge this dominant perception in "The Catholic Luther", First Things 61 (March 1996): 37-41. ¹

According to Yeago what troubled Luther's conscience in his early years was not that of assurance of forgiveness or certitude of salvation, but rather the threat of idolatry manifested in our sinful nature which is radically corrupted (incurvatus in se, "curved in on self") and corrupting the gifts of God, seeking everything for our own sake. He goes on to examine what he describes as a distinctly Catholic turn toward sacramental theology post 1518:

After 1518, Luther is quite clear that it is in and through the public performance of the sacramental signs in the visible Church that grace is bestowed on those who believe. His mystical theology of uncreated grace, the purifying encounter with God in His very Godhead, is henceforth anchored to the preaching and ritual of the Church as the concrete locus of God's certain, undialectical presence. Indeed, it becomes an explicit theological axiom for Luther that inward and spiritual grace is given only in and through the public, bodily, sacramental practice of the Church.

Yeago contends that "there are no historical grounds for believing that the schism was the necessary outcome of Luther's theology of grace"; the Protestant/Catholic schism of the 16th century was not the logical, inevitable outcome of Luther's theological development but rather the result of a number of interrelated factors:

There is blame enough to go around for this tragic and pointless outcome. The theological obtuseness of the Roman court theologians (Cajetan partly excepted), the inability or unwillingness of the Roman authorities to appropriate their own best ecclesiological traditions, and the unlovely influence of financial politics on the handling of the doctrinal issues all played a considerable role, as did Luther's impatience and anger, his inability to take stupid and inappropriate papal teaching at all calmly (perhaps because his own early view of the papal office was unrealistically high), as well as his tendency to dramatize his own situation in apocalyptic terms. The tragedy is compounded, moreover, on the reading that I have proposed, by the irony of the fact that in material theological terms the Luther of 1519 arguably did greater justice to the core convictions of the catholic tradition than did the Luther of 1517.

It is a very fascinating article, one that I encountered some time ago and thought might be of interest to certain members of St. Blog's Parish in light of all the blogging on the recent film. Perhaps those with a Lutheran background would be interested in critiquing Yeago's position?

1. Published in the anthology The Catholicity of the Reformation, edited by Carl R. Bratten & Robert W. Jenson. Reviewed in First Things by Leonard R. Klein.

Has Russia been consecrated or not?  
Posted by Christopher at 1:51 PM

In her appearance to three children at Fatima, Our Lady requested that Russia be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart by the Pope and the bishops of the world. It is a common allegation among the RadTrads -- among them CAI's Robert Sungenis, Christopher Ferrara, and the suspended priest Fr. Nicholas Gruner ¹ -- that the Pope never followed through in said consecration, and is complicit in a conspiracy to cover up "The Third Secret".

Robert Sungenis' conspiracy-laden interpretation is that the assassination attempt on the Holy Father on May 13, 1981 was, contrary to the interpretations of some, not a fulfillment of the 'Third Secret' but rather "was permitted by God as a message to the pope that he has NOT fulfilled the Fatima prophecy, and as a result, he [along with all the pontiffs since Pius XI] is under God's judgment."

Participants in both sides of the debate marshal various letters and statements from Sister Lucia -- the last surviving recipient of the Fatima vision -- to support their position. Following 9/11, Archbishop Tarcisio Bertone of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith met with Sister Lucia in which she confirmed that "consecration desired by Our Lady was made in 1984 [by Pope John Paul II], and has been accepted in Heaven" (the veracity of which is, in turn, questioned by John Vennari).

Now, Radtrad Watch publishes yet another interview with Sister Lucia with the abundantly-credentialed Dr. Frederick T. Zugibe, M.S., M.D., Ph.D., FCAP,  FACC,  FAAFS in 2002, in which she -- perhaps tiring of the constant inquiries -- again confirms: "It was done! The Holy Father willed it. It was done, and you can tell your friends that it was done."

Further rebuttals to Sister Lucia from the RadTrads are no doubt forthcoming.

1. RadTrads have of course denied the suspension of Fr. Gruner as well -- see "Yes, Virgina, Fr. Gruner is suspended, by Peter Vere & Shawn McElhinney The Wanderer 6/3/03.

Tuesday, October 07, 2003

St. Blog's - Notable Posts 
Posted by Christopher at 8:17 PM

Sorry for the lack of blogging -- bogged down with work, very busy; will get around to posting something substantial at a later date. In the meantime, here are a few things which caught my eye:

• Oswald Sobrino on the "kneeling theology" of Hans Urs von Balthasar -- contrasted with academic theologians who seek to revise, rather then explore, revelation. He relates his experience of reading Fr. Richard McBrien with which I would wholly agree:

  When you peruse the encyclopedic work of dissident theologian Richard McBrien of Notre Dame inappropriately entitled Catholicism, you get the sense that the writer is a sociologist of religion, and not an authentic theologian. Instead of "kneeling theology," you get an officiousness and busyness that falsifies revelation. The result is not a reflection of revelation, but of man's misinterpretation of and mangling of revelation.

• William Luse writes about "Schiavo, Reeve, and the 'right' to die", including some criticisms of the NCCB's "pastoral reflections" on the subject.

• I confess that I haven't read a single book in the Left Behind series, although I do see them in abudance on the subway commute. For those (like myself) largely ignorant of this subject, Envoy Magazine's Carl Olson has recently published Will Catholics Be Left Behind, providing a Catholic perspective on the dispensationalism -- belief in "the rapture" and theories of the "end times" -- of fundamental Christians. Catholic World News recently interviewed Olson, who addressed the historical development of dispensationalism, the role of the state of Israel, and the anti-Catholic bias of author Tim LaHaye (among other things).

• Bill Cork has been writing some good and thoughtful stuff about Martin Luther over the past few weeks -- beginning with his review of Luther: The Movie, and followed by excerpts from writings by the Roman Catholic/Lutheran Joint Commission and Pope John Paul II.

  Mr. Cork also offers a much-needed analysis of Luther's writings on the Jews, placed in historical and chronological context. Mr. Cork points out that Catholics should probably think twice before raising the issue of Luther's & anti-semitism, when after all we have the words of our own Catholic saint (and a proclaimed Doctor of the Church, no less), to contend with in the person of St. John Chrysostom. On this note I'd like to recommend Robert Louis Wilken's John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century (U. of California Press; October 1983), which I found to be an indespensible resource for anybody wanting to understand Chrysostom's (in)famous sermons.